California has long been one of the most active cycling states in the nation. From the beach paths of Santa Monica and Venice Beach to the urban bike lanes of Downtown Los Angeles, bicycling is woven into the cultural fabric of Southern California. But California’s roadways also tell a grimmer story. Despite investments in bike infrastructure, cyclists remain among the most vulnerable road users. When a motor vehicle strikes a bicyclist, the consequences are typically far more severe than in a car-on-car collision. Cyclists have no protective steel frame, no airbags, no seatbelt — the full force of impact is absorbed by the human body.

For those injured by another driver’s negligence, a critical question arises quickly: what is my case worth? This guide — written by Los Angeles bicycle accident attorney Steven M. Sweat with over 30 years of experience exclusively representing injured Californians — provides a data-driven answer. We cover settlement ranges, real California verdict data, the legal factors that drive case value, and what you need to do to protect your claim. For an overview of your rights and immediate steps after a crash, see our guide: What to Do After a Bicycle Accident: California Steps.

Why You Need a Bicycle Accident Lawyer — And How It Affects Your Settlement

If you were injured in a bicycle accident in California, one of the most consequential decisions you will make is whether to hire a Los Angeles bicycle accident attorney. The settlement ranges in this guide reflect outcomes shaped largely by the quality of legal representation on both sides of the table.

The Insurance Research Council (IRC) found that personal injury victims who hired attorneys recovered settlements averaging 3.5 times higher than unrepresented claimants — even after deducting attorney’s fees. Insurance adjusters are trained professionals whose job is to resolve claims for as little as possible. When you hire an experienced bicycle accident lawyer, you level that playing field.

What a Bicycle Accident Lawyer Does for Your Claim

A qualified bicycle accident attorney does far more than file paperwork. From the moment you retain counsel, your lawyer works to:

• Conduct an independent accident investigation, preserving critical evidence before it disappears
• Identify all liable parties — the at-fault driver, their employer if applicable, vehicle manufacturers, or government entities responsible for road maintenance
• Calculate the full value of your damages, including future medical costs, long-term lost earning capacity, and non-economic losses like pain and suffering
• Manage all communications with insurance adjusters, protecting you from recorded statements that could reduce your recovery
• Leverage California’s pure comparative negligence rule to your advantage, pushing back against attempts to assign fault to you
• Prepare every case as if it will go to trial — the credible threat of a Los Angeles jury verdict is often the most powerful settlement tool available

Steven M. Sweat, Personal Injury Lawyers, APC has represented bicycle accident victims throughout Los Angeles and California for over 30 years on a contingency-fee basis — you pay nothing unless we recover compensation. Call 866-966-5240 for a free consultation.

The Statistical Reality: Bicycle Accidents in California

According to the California Office of Traffic Safety (OTS), there were 145 bicyclist fatalities in California in 2023 — down approximately 20.8 percent from 183 in 2022. While this is an encouraging decline, the broader trend remains alarming: combined bicycle and pedestrian deaths on California roads totaled 1,106 in 2023, representing a 56 percent increase from 2014.

California consistently accounts for a disproportionate share of national bicyclist fatalities. In 2022, California bicyclist deaths represented approximately 16 percent of all U.S. bicycle fatalities — despite the state accounting for roughly 12 percent of the national population. The UC Berkeley SafeTREC 2024 Bicycle Safety Fact Sheet (drawing on FARS and SWITRS data) reports that 88 percent of fatal bicycle crashes in California occur on urban roads. Los Angeles County alone recorded 2,072 total bicyclists injured and killed in accidents in 2022, including 176 children under 15.

Nationally, the National Safety Council reported 1,377 total bicyclist deaths in 2023. The NHTSA’s early estimates for 2024 show a further 5 percent decrease in pedalcyclist fatalities — a positive trend, though the numbers remain high. The UC Berkeley SafeTREC data shows that broadside crashes account for 33.2 percent of all fatal and serious-injury bicycle crashes in California, followed by rear-end collisions (11.2%) and head-on crashes (7.3%). Male cyclists account for 74 percent of fatalities and 79 percent of serious injuries.

One rapidly growing category: electric bicycle (e-bike) accidents. According to Children’s Hospital of Orange County, pediatric e-bike injuries surged from 7 cases in 2019 to 116 cases in 2024 — a nearly 1,600 percent increase. E-bikes are heavier and faster than standard bicycles, producing more severe injuries in crashes and, as case law develops, increasingly significant settlement values.

Is There Really an ‘Average’ Bicycle Accident Settlement in California?

The short answer is no — and any website claiming to know the “average” bicycle accident settlement should be viewed with skepticism. Settlement data is rarely made public. Insurance companies do not publish their payout histories. Two cases involving the same type of accident can produce wildly different outcomes based on injury severity, available insurance coverage, and the strength of the legal representation.

What authoritative research does tell us: according to Thomson Reuters analysis of jury verdicts and settlements, the average monetary award across all California personal injury cases is approximately $1.8 million, while the median verdict is approximately $114,000. The enormous gap between mean and median reveals that a small number of catastrophic verdicts — involving paralysis, severe TBI, or wrongful death — pull the average dramatically upward. For most cases, the median is the more instructive benchmark.

Why ‘averages’ can mislead injured cyclists:

• Survivorship bias: Published settlements often reflect large, high-profile verdicts — not the full range of outcomes
• Injury disparity: A $15,000 road rash settlement and a $6.5 million spinal cord settlement are both ‘bicycle accident settlements’ — averaging them produces a number that represents neither case
• Insurance limits: A driver with minimum California liability coverage caps your recovery regardless of injury severity — unless your own UM/UIM coverage applies
• Legal representation: Represented claimants recover significantly more than those negotiating alone with insurance adjusters

Rather than searching for a misleading average, the more useful analytical framework asks: what are the factors that distinguish a $30,000 case from a $3 million case? The following section provides that framework.

Bicycle Accident Settlement Ranges by Injury Type (California 2026)

The following ranges are drawn from publicly reported California verdicts and settlements, injury-specific research, and the firm’s 30-plus years of experience litigating bicycle accident cases. They are starting points for analysis — not guarantees. Every case turns on its specific facts, evidence, and circumstances.

Note: These ranges are illustrative only and do not guarantee any specific outcome. Your case may fall above or below these ranges depending on the unique facts, available insurance, and other circumstances.

The 7 Core Factors That Determine Your Bicycle Accident Settlement Value

Factor 1: The Nature and Severity of Your Injuries

Injury severity is the single most important driver of case value. The more serious, permanent, and life-altering the injury, the higher the potential compensation — because serious injuries generate higher medical costs, greater pain and suffering, longer periods of lost income, and a more profound long-term impact on quality of life.

The Surgical vs. Non-Surgical Divide: A Critical Turning Point in Value

Within the spectrum of injuries, a crucial distinction that dramatically impacts settlement value is whether the victim undergoes surgery. The decision to have surgery is always a medical one, made by you and your doctors based solely on your health. But its legal and financial ramifications are substantial.

Data from the Insurance Research Council (IRC) shows that personal injury settlements involving surgery are, on average, 3.5 times higher than claims without surgery. A separate survey found that surgical claimants received settlements averaging $75,000 higher than non-surgical claimants. Why?

• Exponentially higher medical costs: Surgery costs — surgeon’s fees, anesthesiology, hospital stays, post-op rehabilitation — create a much higher baseline for economic damages. A spinal fusion can cost $50,000 to $150,000 or more
• Objective proof of serious injury: A board-certified surgeon’s decision to perform a major invasive procedure cannot be minimized by an adjuster the way subjective pain complaints can
• Higher pain and suffering multiplier: Surgical cases justify a significantly higher multiplier for non-economic damages, reflecting surgical trauma, arduous recovery, possible scarring, and long-term limitations
• Evidence of permanency: Surgery — particularly spinal fusion or orthopedic hardware implantation — permanently alters anatomy, enabling a powerful case for future medical expenses and lost earning capacity

See our detailed resources on specific injury types:

• Average Settlement Values for Broken Bone Injuries in California
• Average Brain Injury Settlement Values in California
• Average Wrongful Death Settlement Values in California

Factor 2: Liability — Fault, Evidence, and Comparative Negligence

California follows a pure comparative negligence doctrine under California Civil Code § 1714. Even if you were partially at fault for the accident — perhaps you failed to use a hand signal, were riding outside a designated lane, or were not wearing a helmet — you can still recover damages. Your compensation is simply reduced by your percentage of fault.

Cases with clear, uncontested liability — a rear-end collision with dashcam footage, or a driver who ran a red light — command significantly higher settlements than cases with disputed fault. Insurance companies routinely attempt to assign comparative fault to cyclists, exploiting common biases about cycling behavior. An experienced attorney is essential to counter these efforts.

Key California Vehicle Code provisions establishing cyclist rights: CVC § 21200 gives cyclists the same rights and responsibilities as motor vehicle operators. CVC § 21801(a) requires left-turning drivers to yield to all oncoming traffic including cyclists. CVC § 22517 prohibits opening a vehicle door into the path of oncoming traffic. A driver’s violation of these provisions typically establishes negligence per se — significantly strengthening your claim.

Factor 3: Documented Medical Treatment and Future Care Needs

The foundation of any bicycle accident settlement is documented medical expenses. Every medical record, surgical note, physical therapy discharge summary, and prescription receipt forms the baseline of your economic damages.

For serious injuries, the future medical expense component can dwarf the cost of treatment already received. A life care plan — an expert-prepared document projecting all future medical needs, assistive devices, rehabilitation, and attendant care — is often the single most important document in a high-value bicycle accident case. In cases involving traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury, future care needs can represent several million dollars in present value.

Factor 4: Lost Wages and Diminished Earning Capacity

When a bicycle accident keeps you out of work, you are entitled to recover lost wages for the entire period of disability — including straight wages, self-employment income, and the value of benefits you were unable to earn.

In catastrophic injury cases, the more consequential category is diminished future earning capacity — the permanent reduction in your ability to earn income. A 35-year-old software engineer earning $180,000 per year who suffers a severe TBI that prevents return to work could present a future earning capacity claim worth $3 million to $5 million in present value. Vocational experts and forensic economists calculate and present these projections.

Factor 5: Available Insurance Coverage

The practical ceiling on many settlements is the amount of insurance available. As of January 1, 2025, California’s mandatory minimum automobile liability limits increased under Senate Bill 1107 from $15,000/$30,000 to $30,000 per person / $60,000 per occurrence for bodily injury. While this is an improvement, minimum-limit policies remain inadequate for any serious injury.

If the at-fault driver is uninsured or underinsured, your own uninsured/underinsured motorist (UM/UIM) coverage under your automobile insurance policy may provide critical additional recovery — even while you are on a bicycle. California law requires UM/UIM coverage on all personal auto policies unless specifically waived in writing. Cyclists who own vehicles should carry robust UM/UIM limits for exactly this reason. For cases involving commercial vehicles, rideshare drivers, or delivery companies, commercial policies with limits of $1 million or more may be available.

Factor 6: Government Entity Claims — Roadway Defects

Bicycle accident claims against government entities — the City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, or Caltrans — for dangerous potholes, defective bike lane construction, or absent infrastructure require strict compliance with the California Tort Claims Act. A government tort claim must be filed within six months of the accident date under Government Code § 911.2. Missing this deadline permanently extinguishes your right to sue. The $6.5 million Oakland settlement (defective bike lane, 2023) and the $3 million San Diego settlement (pothole, sunken asphalt) illustrate the significant recovery available in well-documented government liability cases.

Factor 7: Venue and Quality of Legal Representation

Los Angeles County is one of the most plaintiff-favorable venues in California. LA County juries have historically delivered substantial verdicts in personal injury cases, and insurance companies price this into their settlement calculations. Cases filed in Los Angeles may carry meaningfully higher settlement values than identical cases in more conservative jurisdictions.

Quality of representation is equally decisive. The IRC study finding that represented claimants recover 3.5× more than unrepresented claimants is not abstract — it reflects the practical reality that insurance adjusters make lower offers when no attorney is present, and raise them significantly when experienced trial counsel is involved.

Real California Bicycle Accident Verdicts and Settlements

Understanding settlement ranges in the abstract is useful. Examining actual cases — sourced from government records, court databases, and reported news accounts — makes the picture concrete. The following are drawn from publicly reported California bicycle accident outcomes.

$23 Million Verdict — San Francisco (Cyclist vs. Delivery Truck, Permanent Paralysis)

A San Francisco jury awarded $23 million to a cyclist struck by a delivery truck who suffered permanent paralysis. This case illustrates how corporate defendants with large commercial insurance policies — combined with severe permanent injuries — produce the highest outcomes in bicycle accident litigation.

$6.5 Million Settlement — Oakland (Defective City Bike Lane, 2023)

In December 2023, the Oakland City Council approved a $6.5 million settlement — the highest road-conditions payment the city had made in at least 10 years — for a cyclist who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae, a spinal cord injury, and a traumatic brain injury after crashing on MacArthur Boulevard due to a misaligned seam in a newly constructed bike lane. This case demonstrates both the serious liability exposure for defective government bike infrastructure and the critical importance of filing a timely government tort claim (six-month deadline under Government Code § 911.2).

$14.6 Million Verdict — Orange County (Severe Spinal Injury, Bicycle Crash)

A verdict was entered in Simone vs. Estate of Bruce Jameson for a bicycle crash in Orange County involving a severe spinal cord injury, producing a $14.6 million award. Permanent, high-level spinal cord injuries consistently produce the largest verdicts in bicycle accident litigation.

$3 Million Settlement — San Diego (City Liability, TBI from Sunken Asphalt, 2023)

The City of San Diego paid nearly $3 million to settle a claim by a Carlsbad cyclist who suffered a traumatic brain injury when his bicycle struck sunken asphalt on Santa Fe Street in Bay Ho. The cyclist sustained permanent disabilities resulting in reduced earning capacity. Per the San Diego Union-Tribune (April 2023), this case resolved after years of litigation.

$229,500 Verdict — Los Angeles (Roadway Defect, City of Los Angeles, 2025)

A Los Angeles jury awarded $229,500 to a cyclist thrown over his handlebars when his bicycle struck a negligently misleveled section of pavement that blended with surrounding road surface. The plaintiff suffered cuts, bruising, and a fractured clavicle. The jury held the City of Los Angeles liable for failing to maintain a safe cycling surface. (Source: jury verdict databases, 2025.)

$103,900 Verdict — Alameda County (E-Cart Collision on Campus)

A jury in Alameda County awarded $103,900 to a cyclist struck by an electric maintenance cart on the UC Berkeley campus. The plaintiff suffered a leg laceration, scarring, and permanent loss of sensation. The award was reduced 8 percent for comparative fault attributed to the cyclist — a real-world illustration of how comparative negligence affects outcomes.

What These Cases Reveal

• Government entities face significant liability for defective roadway conditions, but claims require strict procedural compliance (six-month tort claim deadline)
• Severity of permanent injury is the dominant predictor of case value — verdicts above $5 million almost universally involve permanent paralysis, severe TBI, or wrongful death
• Corporate defendants — trucking, rideshare, delivery companies — carry large commercial policies and face reputational risk, making them more likely to offer higher pre-trial settlements
• Even moderate cases ($100,000–$500,000) require experienced representation to achieve full value — insurance companies routinely undervalue these claims when no attorney is involved

Critical Steps to Protect Your Bicycle Accident Claim in California

1. Seek Medical Attention Immediately

Even if your injuries seem minor, seek evaluation without delay. TBI and internal injuries often produce no obvious immediate symptoms. A gap in medical treatment creates an opening for insurance companies to argue your injuries were not caused by the accident or are not as serious as claimed.

2. Call 911 and Report the Accident

California law requires you to report any accident causing injury, death, or property damage exceeding $1,000. An official police report creates foundational evidence. Even if the other driver discourages you from calling — call anyway.

3. Document Everything at the Scene

If physically able: photograph your bicycle, the vehicle, road conditions, skid marks, traffic controls, and any defective pavement. Collect the at-fault driver’s insurance information and license. Get contact information from witnesses. If a defective roadway contributed to your crash, photograph the exact defect in detail from multiple angles.

4. Do Not Give Recorded Statements to Insurance Companies

The at-fault driver’s insurer will contact you quickly and request a recorded statement. You have no legal obligation to provide one before consulting an attorney. Adjusters are trained to ask questions designed to elicit admissions that minimize your claim. Decline and direct them to your attorney.

5. Do Not Accept Any Settlement Before Reaching Maximum Medical Improvement (MMI)

Insurance companies make early low offers to resolve claims before the full extent of injuries is known. Accepting a settlement releases all future claims — even if your injuries prove more serious. Never settle without first reaching MMI and consulting an attorney who can assess the full value of your claim.

6. Be Aware of Government Claim Deadlines

If a government entity’s roadway defect contributed to your accident, you must file an administrative claim with the appropriate agency within six months of the accident date under California Government Code § 911.2. This deadline is strict and unforgiving. Missing it permanently bars your claim against the government entity, regardless of how strong the liability evidence is.

What Not to Do After a Bicycle Accident in California

Avoid these critical mistakes that can reduce or eliminate your compensation:

• Do not give a recorded statement to the at-fault driver’s insurance company without first speaking to an attorney. Adjusters are trained to use your words against you.
• Do not accept the first settlement offer. Early offers are almost always inadequate because the full extent of your injuries may not yet be known.
• Do not post about the accident on social media. Defense investigators routinely monitor claimants’ social media accounts for evidence to minimize your claim.
• Do not delay medical treatment. Gaps in care give insurers grounds to argue your injuries are not serious or were caused by something other than the accident.
• Do not repair or dispose of your bicycle. The physical damage to your bike is evidence of the severity of the impact. Preserve it until your attorney has documented it.
• Do not miss the government tort claim deadline (six months) if a city or county roadway defect was involved.
• Do not assume your injuries are fully known. TBI symptoms, spinal cord complications, and other serious conditions can take weeks or months to fully manifest. Never settle before maximum medical improvement.

Los Angeles and Southern California: Unique Considerations

Los Angeles is simultaneously one of the most active cycling cities in the country and one of the most dangerous. In 2022, Los Angeles County recorded 2,072 total bicyclist injuries and deaths. The most common crash scenarios in Los Angeles — left-turn failures at intersections, dooring incidents in dense neighborhoods like Silver Lake, Echo Park, and DTLA, right-hook collisions, and distracted driver strikes — are well-documented and, when evidence is preserved properly, often produce strong liability cases. See our related resource on bicycle accident scenarios and causes in Los Angeles.

From a litigation standpoint, Los Angeles County juries are among the most plaintiff-favorable in California. The county’s large population of cyclists and pedestrians, its high cost of living, and the significant economic damages that result from serious injuries in an expensive urban market all combine to make the credible threat of trial in Los Angeles a powerful settlement lever.

For cases involving government roadway defects — potholes, missing bike lane markings, absent cycling infrastructure — the City of Los Angeles, Los Angeles County, and Caltrans can all be potential defendants. Our firm has handled numerous claims against the City of Los Angeles and other public entities on behalf of injured cyclists and is well-versed in navigating the California Tort Claims Act requirements.

E-Bikes, Rideshare Vehicles, and Emerging Liability Issues

Electric Bicycle (E-Bike) Accidents

E-bike injuries have surged dramatically in California. E-bikes can reach 20 to 28 mph with minimal physical exertion, and their heavier weight and higher speeds produce significantly more severe crash injuries. California categorizes e-bikes into three classes based on speed and motor engagement, with applicable traffic laws varying by classification. E-bike accident claims present evolving issues of comparative fault, product liability against the manufacturer (if the e-bike malfunctioned), and driver liability. As case law develops, settlement values in serious e-bike accident cases are tracking upward.

Rideshare Vehicle Accidents Involving Cyclists

Uber and Lyft drivers are frequently involved in bicycle accidents in dense urban environments. When a rideshare driver strikes a cyclist while transporting a passenger, Uber and Lyft’s commercial insurance policies — with limits of $1 million per occurrence — apply. Cases against rideshare companies present powerful liability arguments and access to substantial insurance coverage. San Francisco has seen multiple rideshare-related bicycle accident cases produce seven-figure outcomes.

Frequently Asked Questions: Bicycle Accident Settlements in California

How much is the average bicycle accident settlement in California?

There is no single average — California bicycle accident settlements range from $10,000 for minor injuries to $30 million or more for catastrophic spinal cord injuries or wrongful death. Based on Thomson Reuters jury verdict research, the median California personal injury verdict is approximately $114,000 and the mean is approximately $1.8 million (heavily skewed by catastrophic outlier cases). For bicycle accident cases specifically, the value depends primarily on the severity of the injuries, clarity of fault, and available insurance coverage.

How much are most bicycle accident settlements in California?

Most bicycle accident cases with moderate injuries settle between $30,000 and $300,000; catastrophic cases regularly exceed $1 million. Minor soft-tissue cases with no surgery and full recovery typically settle in the $10,000 to $30,000 range. Surgical fracture cases commonly fall between $75,000 and $300,000. Cases involving permanent TBI or spinal cord injury can produce settlements from $500,000 to $30 million or more.

Do I need a lawyer after a bicycle accident in California?

In most cases involving injuries requiring medical treatment, yes — and the data strongly supports hiring one. The Insurance Research Council found that represented claimants recover an average of 3.5 times more than unrepresented claimants, even after attorney fees. Bicycle accident claims involve comparative fault disputes, insurance coverage analysis, government tort claim deadlines, and professional adjusters who handle hundreds of claims per year. If your injuries are serious, retaining an experienced California bicycle accident attorney is one of the most financially sound decisions you can make.

Can I recover if I was not wearing a helmet when the accident happened?

Yes — adult cyclists in California are not required by law to wear helmets, and the absence of a helmet does not bar your claim. California’s helmet law applies only to cyclists under 18. If you were an adult not wearing a helmet, the insurance company may argue you assumed some comparative fault — but under California’s pure comparative negligence rule, your recovery is reduced only by your percentage of fault, not eliminated. An experienced attorney will anticipate and rebut this argument.

What if the driver who hit me doesn’t have insurance?

Your own automobile insurance policy’s uninsured motorist (UM) coverage may protect you — even while you’re on a bicycle. Under California Insurance Code § 11580.2, UM/UIM coverage applies to policyholders injured by uninsured or underinsured motorists, including while cycling or walking. With an estimated 13 percent of California drivers uninsured, maintaining robust UM/UIM limits on your auto policy is critical for cyclists.

How long do I have to file a bicycle accident claim in California?

For most bicycle accident claims, you have two years from the date of injury. If your claim is against a government entity, you must act within six months. The general statute of limitations for personal injury claims in California is two years under CPC § 335.1. However, if your claim involves a defective government roadway (city, county, or state), you must file an administrative government tort claim within six months of the accident date under Government Code § 911.2. Missing the six-month government deadline permanently bars your claim.

How long does a bicycle accident settlement take in California?

Minor-to-moderate cases with clear liability may settle in six to twelve months. Complex cases with severe injuries or government defendants typically take two to three years or longer. The timeline is primarily driven by how long it takes to reach maximum medical improvement (MMI) — the point at which your injuries are stable. Settling before MMI risks leaving significant compensation on the table if your injuries prove more serious than initially apparent.

Should I accept the insurance company’s first settlement offer?

Almost never — especially for anything beyond minor injuries. Insurance companies make early, low offers to resolve claims quickly before the injured party has legal counsel or a full understanding of their claim’s value. Once you sign a release, you cannot reopen the claim — even if your injuries prove more serious than initially thought. We strongly recommend consulting with an attorney before accepting any settlement offer.

What damages can I recover in a California bicycle accident case?

You can recover both economic and non-economic damages — including past and future medical expenses, lost wages, diminished earning capacity, pain and suffering, emotional distress, and loss of enjoyment of life. Economic damages cover all quantifiable financial losses: medical bills, future care costs, lost income, and property damage to your bicycle and equipment. Non-economic damages compensate for the human cost — pain, suffering, emotional trauma, PTSD, disfigurement, and loss of life quality. In cases involving drunk drivers or grossly reckless conduct, punitive damages may also be available.

What is California’s pure comparative negligence rule and how does it affect my bicycle accident claim?

Under California’s pure comparative negligence rule (Civil Code §1714), you can recover damages even if you were partially at fault — your compensation is simply reduced by your percentage of fault. For example, if a jury awards $400,000 but finds you 25 percent at fault, you recover $300,000. Insurance companies aggressively attempt to assign fault to cyclists — often arguing speeding, lane-position issues, or failure to wear a helmet. An experienced attorney is essential to contest these assignments and protect the full value of your claim.

Contact Steven M. Sweat, Personal Injury Lawyers, APC — Free Consultation

Disclaimer: The settlement amounts, verdicts, and case examples discussed in this article are drawn from publicly reported California cases and authoritative industry data sources. They are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute a guarantee, warranty, or prediction regarding the outcome of any specific legal matter. Every case is unique and must be evaluated on its own facts. Nothing in this article constitutes legal advice or establishes an attorney-client relationship.